AMU-AMR Livestock Tool
A web-based system for estimating and visualizing antibiotic usage in Dairy Cattle, Small Ruminants, and Poultry.
Surveillance of AMU in Livestock
Objectives of AMU Surveillance
- Monitor trends in antimicrobial usage across different livestock species.
- Identify patterns of misuse (e.g., overuse, non-therapeutic use, or inappropriate dosing).
- Support antimicrobial stewardship efforts in veterinary medicine.
- Assess the impact of interventions such as regulations or bans on antimicrobial growth promoters.
- Provide data for risk assessments related to AMR transmission from animals to humans.
Key Components
- Prescription surveillance: Monitoring antibiotic prescriptions in hospitals, pharmacies, and veterinary clinics.
- Consumption surveillance: Measuring antimicrobial sales and usage in human and animal sectors.
- Point-prevalence surveys: Assessing antibiotic use at specific times in healthcare and agricultural settings.
Methods of AMU Surveillance
Data Collection Approaches
- Sales and Distribution Data: Collected from pharmaceutical companies, wholesalers, or feed manufacturers. Provides an estimate of the total amount of antimicrobials used but does not reflect actual usage at the farm level.
- Prescription-Based Surveillance: Tracks veterinary prescriptions to understand treatment patterns. Useful for monitoring compliance with regulations.
- Farm-Level Data Collection: Farmers and veterinarians report antimicrobial use directly. Data includes species, dosage, treatment duration, and purpose (therapeutic, prophylactic, metaphylactic).
- Point-Prevalence Surveys (PPS): Snapshot studies at a specific time to assess AMU in selected farms. Helps identify common antimicrobials used and potential misuse.
Standardization of Data Reporting
- Defined Daily Dose for Animals (DDDvet): Estimates the average maintenance dose per day for a given antimicrobial.
- Population Correction Unit (PCU): Standardizes antimicrobial usage per 1,000 kg of animal biomass, allowing cross-country comparisons.
Global Initiatives and Regulations
- OIE (WOAH) Annual Report: Collects global AMU data.
- EMA – ESVAC: European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption.
- WHO Tricycle Project: Monitors AMR in humans, animals, and the environment.
- WHO AWaRe Classification: Categorizes antibiotics into "Access," "Watch," and "Reserve" to guide responsible use.
- GRAM: Global Research on Antimicrobial Resistance, collecting AMR and AMU data worldwide.
National Surveillance Programs
- Many countries have National Action Plans (NAPs) for AMU/AMR surveillance in livestock.
- Ban on antibiotic growth promoters in regions like the EU and parts of Asia.
Why Use AMU Tool?
📊 Data-Driven Decision Making
Provides actionable insights for antibiotic use optimization.
🛡️ Supports Antimicrobial Stewardship
Facilitates responsible antibiotic use, reducing antimicrobial resistance risks.
📥 Easy Data Entry & Storage
Supports Oral, Injection, Water, and Feed applications.
🔎 Data Collection & Analysis, Real-Time Monitoring
Users enter farm-level antibiotic usage data, and the tool provides real-time insights.
⚙️ Automated Calculations
- Oral Antibiotics Subtotal
- Injection Antibiotics Subtotal
- Overall Results
📑 Farm Indicators & Reporting
View entered data and farm indicators in an organized manner.
📈 Interactive Visualization
Graphs display Total and Average Antibiotic PCU Usage.
⬇️ Data Export & Download
Export entered data and farm indicators in CSV format.
| Sl. No. | Antimicrobial Agents | Treatment | VCIA | VHIA | VIA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Aminoglycosides Streptomycin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Neomycin |
Used to treat septicaemia, digestive, respiratory, and urinary tract infections. | ✔ | ||
| 2 | Cephalosporins Third Generation Cefotaxime, Ceftiofur, Ceftriaxone |
Used in the treatment of septicaemias, respiratory infections, and mastitis. | ✔ | ||
| 3 | Macrolides Erythromycin |
Used to treat respiratory infections, Mycoplasma, and liver abscesses (Fusobacterium necrophorum). | ✔ | ||
| 4 | Aminopenicillins Amoxicillin, Ampicillin |
Used in the treatment of septicaemias, respiratory, and urinary tract infections. | ✔ | ||
| 5 | Aminopenicillin + Beta-lactamase Inhibitor Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid, Ampicillin + Sulbactam |
Used in the treatment of septicaemias, respiratory, and urinary tract infections. | ✔ | ||
| 6 | Polypeptides Bacitracin, Polymyxins, Polymyxin B |
Used in the treatment of septicaemias, colibacillosis, salmonellosis, and urinary infections. | |||
| 7 | Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin, Enrofloxacin, Marbofloxacin, Ofloxacin |
Critically important in the treatment of septicaemias, respiratory, and enteric diseases. | ✔ | ||
| 8 | Sulfonamides Sulfadoxine, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfadiazine, Sulfadimidine, Sulfametoxazole |
Used for bacterial, coccidial, and protozoal infections. | ✔ | ||
| 9 | Tetracyclines Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline |
Used for bacterial, chlamydial, and spirochaetal infections. | ✔ |
Antibiotics Dose Chart
Poultry
| Sl No. | Antibiotic Class | Antibiotic | Dose (mg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Penicillins | Amoxicillin | 100-125 mg/kg |
| 2 | Penicillins | Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 125 mg/kg |
| 3 | Aminoglycosides | Gentamycin | 2.5-5 mg/kg |
| 4 | Aminoglycosides | Neomycin | 10 mg/kg |
| 5 | Aminoglycosides | Spectinomycin | 100 mg/kg |
| 6 | Aminoglycosides | Streptomycin | 25-50 mg/kg |
| 7 | Bambermycins | Bambermycin | 10 mg/kg |
| 8 | Bambermycins | Flavophospholipol | 16 mg/kg |
| 9 | Penicillins | Penicillin | 100-125 mg/kg |
| 10 | Penicillins | Amoxicillin | 125-250 mg/kg |
| 11 | Cephalosporins | Cefotaxime | 50-100 mg/kg |
| 12 | Glycopeptides | Vancomycin | 125-500 mg/kg |
| 13 | Ionophores | Monensin | 100-120 mg/kg |
| 14 | Macrolides | Erythromycin | 10-20 mg/kg |
| 15 | Macrolides | Tylosin | 15-30 mg/kg |
| 16 | Polypeptides | Bacitracin | 20 mg/kg |
| 17 | Quinolones | Fluoroquinolones | 10 mg/kg |
| 18 | Streptogramins | Virginiamycin | 10 mg/kg |
| 19 | Sulfonamides | Sulfa drugs | 30 mg/kg |
| 20 | Tetracyclines | Chlortetracycline | 20-25 mg/kg |
| 21 | Tetracyclines | Oxytetracycline | 5 mg/kg |
| 22 | Fluoroquinolones | Ciprofloxacin | 10 mg/kg |
| 23 | Quinolones | Enrofloxacin | 10 mg/kg |
| 24 | Sulfonamides | Sulfamethazine | 134-195 mg/kg |
Dairy Cattle/Buffaloes
| Sl No. | Antibiotic Class | Antibiotic | Dose (mg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Aminopenicillins | Ampicillin sodium | 10-20 mg/kg |
| 2 | Penicillins | Ampicillin trihydrate | 4.4-11 mg/kg |
| 3 | Cephalosporins | Ceftiofur sodium | 1.1-2.2 mg/kg |
| 4 | Cephalosporins | Ceftiofur crystalline-free acid | 6.6 mg/kg |
| 5 | Aminoglycosides | Dihydrostreptomycin | 11 mg/kg |
| 6 | Quinolones | Enrofloxacin | 2.5 mg/kg |
| 7 | Aminoglycosides | Gentamycin | 2-4 mg/kg |
| 8 | Tetracyclines | Oxytetracycline | 10-20 mg/kg |
| 9 | Fluoroquinolones | Ciprofloxacin | 10 mg/kg |
| 10 | Fluoroquinolones | Levofloxacin | 4 mg/kg |
| 11 | Penicillins | Amoxicillin | 10 mg/kg |
Sheep and Goats
| Sl No. | Antibiotic Class | Antibiotic | Dose (mg/kg) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Quinolones | Enrofloxacin | 7.5-12.5 mg/kg |
| 2 | Aminoglycosides | Gentamycin | 5 mg/kg |
| 3 | Tetracyclines | Oxytetracycline | 20 mg/kg |
| 4 | Fluoroquinolones | Ciprofloxacin | 5 mg/kg |
| 5 | Fluoroquinolones | Levofloxacin | 5 mg/kg |
| 6 | Aminopenicillins | Ampicillin sodium | 4.4-11 mg/kg |
| 7 | Penicillins | Amoxicillin | 10 mg/kg |
| 8 | Penicillins | Ampicillin trihydrate | 4.4-11 mg/kg |
| 9 | Cephalosporins | Ceftiofur sodium | 1.1-2.2 mg/kg |
| 10 | Cephalosporins | Ceftiofur crystalline-free acid | 6.6 mg/kg |
| 11 | Aminoglycosides | Dihydrostreptomycin | 11 mg/kg |
| 12 | Sulfonamides | Sulfamethazine | 225 mg/kg |
| 13 | Sulfonamides | Sulfadimethoxine | 55 mg/kg |
| 14 | Sulfonamides | Sulfaethoxypyridazine | 55 mg/kg |